hello 👋! Welcome to Yuxiang’s Notepage. I’m a sophomore student major in Electrical and Computer Engineering in Zhejiang University and UIUC. Having passion to shape the world with my own knowledge and dedications, I desire to explore the infinity of myself while also exploring the different dimensions of the world. Join me in this expedition!
This notepage is designed to share my obsidian notes online, hopefully to provide help and sources of inspirations for you. Thanks to previous open-source repositories, I can achieve the obsidian features of bidirectional links on online pages. You can hover cursor over
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🆕 最近创建:
- — Access Control & Constructors,Destructors
- — 2024-05-27-Arrays and Struct
- — 2024-05-27-Compile and Running
⏰ 最近更新:
- 2025-01-04 — Partial Derivatives 2
- 2025-01-03 — Coordinate System
- 2025-01-03 — Functions of Several Variables
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Surface Integral TOP NEW
#Math241 Surface Integration on Curves Integration with respect to arc length Motivation 对于相对于曲线弧长的积分,我们希望有对于同一条路径沿不同的方向或不同的参数化结果积分得到相同的结果 我们希望其满足的性质有: Definition 最终定义相对于 Arc Length 的积分为: $$ \int_{C_{i}}f\ ds = \int_{a_{i}}^{b_{i}}f(\gamma(t))|\gamma’(t)|dt $$ 注意 Integration with respect to arc length 与 Line Integral 的区别 $$ \frac{ds}{... Read More
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毛概军理复习 TOP NEW
毛概 2024 秋海宁考纲 毛概期末复习6.22 - 飞书云文档 【2023-2024秋冬】海宁校区秋冬学期高永老师毛概(2023版)回忆卷以及思政课资源分享 - CC98论坛 98 资源信息汇总,查看往年试卷形式,考点内容 确定背诵区域 ->关注往年老师划重点(智云课堂陈晓伟) 看书关注大标题与段首第一句,同时可以看飞书文档内内容划重点 复习规划 面向往年卷,迅速熟悉考试提醒以及复习要点 选定参考的精讲资料以及课本,迅速熟悉课本内容,同时总结背诵重点简答题 结合选择题刷题器以及选择题小点整理,迅速熟悉选择题重要考点 关注老师是... Read More
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Vector Analysis TOP NEW
#Math241 Vector Fields and Differential Forms Vector Fields 1. Definition [!tip] Definition A Vector Field is a mapping $F:D\to \mathbb{R}^{n}$ with domain $D \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}$ 向量场即为对 n 维空间中的每一个点赋上一个 n 维向量 2. Example 注意 Gradient Field 定义,核心即为向量场对应的向量函数可以表示为一个函数的 gradient,在这种情况下,该向量场为保守向量场,其路径积分仅与起点与终点有关 Differential 1-Form ... Read More
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Lebesgue Integral TOP NEW
#Math241 Integration over $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ Characteristic Function 1. Definition 特征函数 在给定空间内取值为 1,剩余取值为 0 注意特征函数定义在整个 $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ 上 ->狄利克雷函数并非特征函数 2. 利用特征函数对于重积分定义域的自然延拓 基于特征函数,现在我们可以把重积分原有函数在整个空间中局部区域的积分转化为在整个空间上的积分,减少复杂性 The Lebesgue Integral General Intro of two approach 测度论方法 L1- 半范数方法 Step Functions ... Read More
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Relations & Graphs TOP NEW
#Math213 Relation Basic 定义: 给定两个非空集合 $A$ 和 $B$ ,它们的笛卡尔积 $A\times B$ 是所有有序对 $(a,b)$ 的集合,其中 $a\in A,b\in B$. $$ A \times B= {(a,b)|a\in A,b\in B} $$ 一个Relation $R$ 是笛卡尔积 $A \times B$ 的子集: $R \subseteq A \times B$ Binary Relation Definition Binary Relation 定义在两个集合之间,Relation 可以定义在多个集合之间 Relation on the set Definition: 定义在集合 A 上的 relat... Read More
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Multi-variables Integral TOP NEW
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Quadratic Forms and Quatrics TOP NEW
#Math241 Related Topic: 二次曲线,谱定理 [[ Coordinate System#Quadric Surfaces(二次曲面) ]] Quadratic Forms Concept 二次型与正定矩阵定义 Coordinate Change 等价二次型 ->能够通过引入一个可逆的线性变换矩阵在两个二次型对应的矩阵之间进行转化 $$ B = S^{T}AS $$ Theorem [!tip] Sylvester’s Inertia Theorem 任意实对称矩阵均可以通过正交变化对角化,对角化过程中其特征值的符号不会发生改变,对应特征值的系数记作惯性系数 或表述为任... Read More
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Jointly Distributed Random Variables TOP NEW
#ECE313 Basic Joint Cumulative Distribution Functions Definition 利用图像定义,我们有: 对于分布在一个区域内的联合概率分布,我们有: Proposition Properties Joint Probability Mass Functions & Density Functions 离散型随机变量 ->Joint Probability Mass Functions 考虑在同一个概率空间中的离散型随机变量 $X,Y$ ,其联合概率质量函数: $$ P_{X,Y}(u,v) = P(X=u,Y=v) $$ 同时结合全概率定理,我们可以由联合概率质量函数导出分别的概率质量函数 $... Read More
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Counting TOP NEW
#Math213 Counting Basic Basic Counting Rules Product Rule:计数过程可以分解为一个彼此依赖序列计数过程,前项计数过程中的元素均与后项有关 Sum Rule: 计数过程可以分解为一系列独立的计数过程 容斥原理:Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion $$ |\cup_{i=1}^{n}S_{i}| = \sum_{i}|S_{i}|-\sum_{i<j}|S_{i}\cap S_{j}|+\sum_{i<j<k}|S_{i}\cap S_{j}\cap S_{k}|+\dots+(-1)^{n-1}|S_{1}\cap\dots \ca... Read More
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MATH 241 Collection TOP NEW
汇总表格 table date from #Math241 sort date 集萃 [[ Coordinate System#Equational and Parametric Representation ]] [[ Coordinate System#Cylinders and Quadratic Surfaces ]] [[ Vector#Cross Product ]] [[ Vector Function#Basic Term ]] [[ Vector Function#Curvature 曲率 ]] [[ Applications to Physics#Velocity, Speed an... Read More
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MATH 213 Collection TOP NEW
汇总表格 table date from #Math213 sort date 集萃 逻辑 1. 命题 命题不能是一个疑问句或者命令; 命题要么真要么假,不能涉及变量,命题一定能判断真假 逆命题 (converse),否命题 (inverse),逆否命题 (contrapositive) 对于 $p\to q$ converse: 条件结论交换 $q\to p$ contrapositive: 条件结论交换并且同时取反 $\neg q\to \neg p$ (注意逆否命题与原命题同真同假) inverse: 条件结论同时取反 $\neg p\to \neg q$ 2. 逻辑连接词 重点领会 p->q:(Not p; p implies q... Read More
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ECE 313 Collection TOP NEW
表格汇总 table date, categories from #ECE313 sort date 参考资料 UIUC 官方讲义 Probability Note.pdf 复习纲要 概率基础 1. 期望与方差 注意方差与标准差的关系 2. 条件概率 $$ \begin{align} & P(B|A)= \frac{P(AB)}{P(A)} \text{ if } P(A)>0 & P(ABC) = P(C)P(B|C)P(A|BC) \end{align} $$ 3. 独立事件与独立变量 $$ \begin{align} & P(AB)=P(A)P(B) & P(A^{c}B)= P(B)-P(A... Read More
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Partial Derivatives 2 TOP NEW
#Math241 Mean Value Theorem and its friends Theorem 通过构造一个单变量函数 $\phi$ 构造从 $[0,1]$ 到对应 f 路径内点的映射,结合一维的 Mean Value Theorem 注意起点与终点所遍历的点都需位于定义域内 Integral Version Another Theorem Path-Connected: 对于域内任意两点,均存在一条连续的曲线满足 $g:[0,1]\to D,g(0)=a,g(1)=b$ Example: 对于凸集,集合内任意两点的连线仍然位于集合内 注意 Path-Connected 并不一定意味着 D 中没有 holes, 表示的是对于定义域中... Read More
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Mathematical Induction and Recursion TOP NEW
#Math213 Mathematical Induction 注意: 归纳奠基(选择最小满足命题的正整数) 假设,并利用前向假设证明后项命题 Recursion Towers of Hanoi Problem 汉诺塔 Description Algorithm 注意汉诺塔核心即为考虑到最后的情况必有 n-1 plate 在第二块,1 一个最大的 plate 在第一堆,这样即可将问题化归为 n-1 的情况,调用递归函数 Idea 递归的数学核心可视为反向数学归纳法,当我们确定了递归最终可以结束(即确定归纳法的奠基),再寻找到将问题递归的方式,即可形成完整的递归链条 Running Time: 利用操作次数表示... Read More
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Partial Derivatives 1 TOP NEW
#Math241 Differentiable Maps Intuition of Differentiation 进行微分的核心目的即为利用线性映射对局部进行拟合估计 -> 追溯微分的定义式,我们可以考虑将函数在某点处附近增量表示为 原值 +Linear h+ Remainder 的形式 Remainder 余项可用 small-o notation 表示,核心即为需要满足: $$ \lim_{ h \to 0 } \frac{R(h)}{h} = 0 $$ Example 对于不能简单用多项式函数表示的情况 ->考虑直接展开成多项式形式 Concept Notes 可以用极限替代小 o 记号 线性映射... Read More
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Continuous-type random variables TOP NEW
#ECE313 Cumulative distribution functions Basic Definition To be on mathematically firm ground, random variables are also required to have the property that sets of the form ${\omega :X(\omega)\leq c}$ should be events-meaning that they should be in F: Since a probability measure P assigns a probability to every event, every random varia... Read More
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Number Theory TOP NEW
#Math213 Basic Division 整除 带余除法 divisor: 除数, dividend: 被除数, quotient 商,remainder 余数 注意带余除法的计算复杂度通过位运算简化可实现 $O(q\log a)$ 量级 同余 congruent mod m 的剩余系 整数进制表示 Algorithm for Integer Operations Multiplication Binary Modular Exponentiation 质数 Prime: 质数 Composite:合数 最大公约数 (GCD) 与最小公倍数 (LCM) 辗转相除求 GCD: 直接写出辗... Read More
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Functions of Several Variables TOP NEW
#Math241 Limit and Continuity Basic Terminology 多元函数 Limit and Continuity Definition 即为都利用欧几里得距离去衡量向量之间的的接近程度,以满足极限或连续性定义中无穷小的条件 注意: 只有 Accumulation Point 才有极限的定义 (即只考虑 Accumulation Point 的极限) 对于映射结果也为高维向量的函数,其极限存在的条件也即为各个维度上极限存在(注意逼近的路径任意,可以从空间中各个方向逼近,但极限存在意味着均需得到相同的结果) Graphs: 对多元函数进行可视化,将其自变量与因变量的向量维数相加,放至同一个向量空间 Level ... Read More
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Applications to Physics TOP NEW
#Math241 Coordinate Systems Setup 通过 Linear Mapping 换系:一个正交矩阵用来替换正交基,一个平移向量确定原点 正交矩阵的基本性质 模长不变 $$ |Ux| = |x| $$ 意味该变换能够保持距离不变 $$ d(x,y) = |x-y| = |Ux’-Uy’|= |x’-y’| $$ $U、U^{T}$ $$ UU^{T} = I_{n} $$ $\det(U)=\pm1$ Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration Velocity, Speed and Acceleration 注意速度、速率与加速度取决于对曲线参数的选取,而曲率、曲线... Read More
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Discrete-type Random Variables 2 TOP NEW
#ECE313 Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation 最大似然估计 Definition 利用特定的概率分布(未知参数)对现实情境建模,我们可以得到随机变量 $X=k$ 的概率似然估计 $p_{\theta}(k)$, 对于观察结果 k 的最大似然估计即为使 $p_{\theta}(k)$ 最大的参数 $\theta$ 的值, 记为 $$ \hat{\theta}_{ML}(k) $$ Situation Parameter Estimation: 给定 k,对于 $\theta$ 最大化似然估计 Guessing Game: 给定 $\theta$ ,相对于 k 最大化似然估计 Strategy 核心即为明确哪些参数为固定... Read More
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Complexity of Algorithms TOP NEW
#Math213 Algorithm Basic Definition Comparison Time Complexity: number of machine operations Space Complexity: amount of memory needed Instance: 即问题对应的具体输入 Growth of Functions Big-O Notation 注意: big-O 只要求量级大于等于即可,意味着只要找到下界,比下界大的函数都可以 注意 $\log(n!)$ 的量级 证明: $$ \begin{align} & \text{On the one hand,} & \log(n!) =... Read More
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Sets and Functions TOP NEW
#Math213 Sets Basic Concept: A set is an unordered collection of objects. The objects are called elements or members.(强调无序性) Representation: Subset: Size-Carinality 集合的势 Power Set: 集合所有子集的集合 Tuple and Cartesian Product Tuple:Tuple 强调元素的有序性 Cartesian Product: 各集合元素的有序组合 Relation: **A subset of of the... Read More
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Discrete-type Random Variables 1 TOP NEW
#ECE313 Random variables and probability mass functions Definition 离散型随机变量 A random variable is a real-valued function on $\Omega$ 对于每次实验,我们都可从样本空间中确定一个结果 $\omega$ ,并决定对应的 $X(\omega)$ 。给定一个子集,我们即可确定对应的 $X(\omega)$ 以及所对应的 $\omega$ ,进而确定由该子集决定的事件的概率 概率密度函数 Probability Mass Function 即对应随机变量取值的概率 均值(期望)与方差 Mean 当涉及到与定义的随机变量有关的函数的均值时,我们可以... Read More
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Vector Function TOP NEW
#Math241 Vector-valued function Basic Definition vector-valued function, or vector function, is simply a function whose domain is a set of real numbers and whose range is a set of vectors 即将 $\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}^{n}$ Parametric Curve & Non-Parametric Curve Parametric Cruve 参数化曲线:将曲线的每一维都表示为关于某个参数 $t$ 的函数 将非参数的曲线转化为参数化的曲线 Examp... Read More
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Vector TOP NEW
#Math241 Length and Cross Product Definition and Property Bilinear Form(Symmetric) Positive Definite Associative Law Distributive Law Orthogonality 正交 Length Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality 向量形式 $$ a,b \in \mathbb{R}^{n}, |a \cdot b| \leq|a||b| $$ 展开式 $$ (a_{1}b_{1}+\dots a_{n}b_{n})^{2} \leq (a_{1}^{2}+\dots+a^{2}{n}... Read More
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Nested Quanrifier & Mathmatical Proofs TOP NEW
#Math213 Predicate Definition 核心即为包含变量的论断(注意只有当变量的取值都确定时才能算命题) Domain: 所有变量可能取值的集合 真值集合即为所有使 P 为真的变量取值组合 Basic components of predicate logic: term(逻辑表达式的基本单位,代表个体或者对象) functional symbol(基于一个或多个 term 作为输入,构造映射输出) predicate symbol(用于表达陈述) quantifier and logical connectives Quantified Statemen... Read More
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Foundation in Algebra TOP NEW
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Logic TOP NEW
#Math213 Terms Logic Logic is the basis of all mathematical reasoning: Syntax of statements The meaning of statements The rules of logical inference Proposition(命题) 注意: 命题不能是一个疑问句或者命令; 命题要么真要么假,不能涉及变量,命题一定能判断真假 Compound Propositions: Combinations of several propositions Logical Connectives 注意 p->q 的各种表述unless 与 onl... Read More
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Foundation of Probability TOP NEW
#ECE313 Axioms of Probability(概率公理) Terms $\Omega$ : Denote the sample space(样本空间),表明所有可能结果的集合 Event(事件): An event is a subset of the sample space $\Omega$ Outcome: denote as $\omega$ is an element of sample space Complement of an event(事件的补集): denote as $E^{c}$ Exclusive(互斥事件) & Partition of a sample space The number o... Read More
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257TA Recommendation TOP NEW
[MATH TA] How to achieve more in MATH257? Be confident about yourself! Math257 is about applied linear algebra, which will not be too abstract as pure math Prepare yourself with the recommended materials Contact the instructors or TAs if you have some problems or are puzzled about your own learning pace and schedule. Recommended Materi... Read More
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Coordinate System TOP NEW
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2024-06-25-Node Embeddings TOP NEW
ML for Graphs [!Important] Two different approaches for ML for Graph Feature Engineering 对于不同具体的下游任务,我们都需要重新设计提取特征的策略,层级可能包括 node-level, edge-level, graph-level 等 Graph Representation Learning 直接设计算法自动学习图数据的表征特性 Node Embedding Motivation 我们希望通过 node embedding 将抽象且结构化的图数据中的节点,以特征向量在高维向量空间中表征。为... Read More
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Recurrent Neural Network TOP NEW
Motivation 在现实生活的许多场景中,我们都需要处理输入或输出为序列的数据,他们往往在时序关系上存在前后文之间的相互联系,输入与输出不一定相同所对相应的数据维数,如处理语言、音频文本、音乐生成等。 而对于传统的线性全连接层神经网络,由于输入数据时对于上下文的关系考虑较少,所以在处理序列问题上表现出的准确性较低,我们需要更多地考虑建立起能够充分考虑上下文文本关系的模型。 统计学工具 自回归模型 核心为基于给定时间段的输入情况有效估计将来参数 $$ P(x_{t}|x_{t-1},\dots,x_{t-\gamma}) $$ 隐变量自回归模型 保留对过去观测的总结 h,并且同时更新下一步的观测值并总结 h Notation $$ \begin{align} ... Read More
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2024-06-19-Convolutional Neural Network TOP NEW
Motivation [!Important] 为什么采用 CNN 计算开销 传统的全连接层架构在处理维数非常高的参数数据时所带来的参数开销几乎无法接受,训练效率与成本无法接受 特征捕获能力 全连接层架构将所有的输入都展平,丧失了样本数据原有的空间特征 我们希望有操作能够同时满足以下性质: 平移不变性: 图形的特征并不因平移而改变 局部性:神经网络前几层仅探索局部性质 我们将 $[H]{ij}$ 记为隐藏层的输出, 其对应的输入为 $[X]{ij}$(图像在位置 (i,j) 所对应的像素) $$ [H]{ij} = [U]{ij} + \sum_{k}\sum_{j}[W... Read More
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2024-06-19-Computations in DeepLearning TOP NEW
Layer and Block 定义 [!Important] Concept 块可以描述单个层、由多个层组成的组件或者模型本身。使用块进行抽象可以将块组合成更大的组件。本质上为对多层进行进一步封装与模块化设计。 自定义块 块的基本功能 将输入数据作为前向传播的参数 通过前向传播计算输出,同时关注输入到输出维度的变化 计算输出关于输入的梯度 (Automatic Differentiation) 存储和访问前向传播计算所需的参数 初始化模型参数 使用 Python 的类设计块 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 import torch import torch.nn as n... Read More
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2024-06-16-Intro to Pytorch TOP NEW
利用 Pytorch 的基本框架 确定训练数据集 实现对训练数据集的遍历 搭建神经网络架构 定义损失函数 定义优化函数 更新参数 量化模型性能 确定训练数据集 Pytorch 为数据提供的相关包: import torch from torch import nn from torch.utils.data import DataLoader from torchvision import datasets from torchvision.transforms import ToTensor 从 Pytorch 自带的数据包导入数据 root is the path where the train/test data is st... Read More
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2024-06-15-Structuring Machine Leanring Projects TOP NEW
综论 当我们尝试优化我们的深度学习模型时,我们常常有多种思路或想法可以选择,在众多选择的情况下,我们需要更为系统的策略来指导我们以尽可能快的速度优化我们的模型,这就需要系统化的优化策略。 正交化 (Orthogonalization) 核心思想 正交化的核心思想在于将模型优化的不同方向分开独立处理,避免在执行一次优化时各个优化指标相互耦合,彼此制约,导致优化难以推进或者需要频繁做出权衡。 单一数字评估指标 当我们优化我们的模型时,相比采用多个参数来量化我们模型的性能,更直接的解决策略是设法设立一个单一的量化指标,能够给我们直接的优化思路与比较策略。 例如利用 $F_{1}$ 分数将 precision 与 recall 参数结合 $$ \begin{align} &am... Read More
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2024-06-15-Optimizing Algorithms TOP NEW
Mini-batch Gradient descent 背景 当训练的数据集规模十分庞大时,即使我们采用向量化加速并利用并行计算,进行一次梯度下降的训练耗时依然很高。为了优化算法的执行速度,我们考虑将训练集划分为规模更小的 mini-batch 的集合,在遍历 mini-batch 的过程中实现梯度下降。 实施 分割 将初始样本集分割为若干个大小一定的 mini-batch,mini batch 的数量为 t $$ \begin{align} & X = \begin{bmatrix} x^{(1)},\dots,x^{(m)} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} x^{{1}},\dots,x^{{t}} \end{bmatri... Read More
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2024-06-15-Hiperparameter Tuning & Batch Norm TOP NEW
超参数调节 (Hyperparameter Tuning) 参数重要性 (直觉) Learning Rate: $\alpha$ exponential parameter: $\beta$, number of hidden units, mini-batch size number of layers, learning rate decay 调试过程 常见的调试方式: Use grid to choose parameters: 将多参数以一定的范围轴划分,规则取点 Randomly choosing 在给定区域内随机去点 ->相比在网格范围内规则取点,随机化取样能够更好地探索模型对于不同的超参数的敏感程度,能够在节省训练时间的同时使... Read More
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2024-06-14-Practical Aspects of Deep Learning TOP NEW
数据集分类 为了不断优化我们所采用的深度学习框架,我们需要在实践过程中根据反馈结果不断迭代优化我们的算法或者超参数的选择,这就需要我们对所使用的数据有提前规划。 深度学习所采用的数据集在用途上可划分为三类,分别是:训练集 (train sets),验证集 (dev sets),测试集 (test sets) 开发集(Dev Set) 定义: 开发集,也称为验证集(Validation Set),是从训练数据中分离出来的一部分数据,用于在模型开发过程中进行模型选择和参数调优。 用途: 模型选择:在开发集上评估不同模型的性能,以选择最佳模型。 参数调优:在开发集上调整模型的超参数(如学习率、正则化参数等),以找到最佳超参数组合。 过拟合检测:通过监控开发集上的性... Read More
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2024-06-14-Intro to Neural Networks TOP NEW
总体结构概览 Input layer -> Hidden Layer -> Output Layer Input layer: 输入的数据集,通常通过将原始数据表征为高维向量形式,再通过将不同的输入数据所对应的高位向量堆叠起来形成完整的矩阵。 Hidden Layer: 隐藏层的含义,隐藏层中的节点数据并不直接包含在输入数据集中,而是通过参数的初始化与训练的反复迭代而形成。 在无监督学习中目标结果也未在初始训练数据集中给出 Output Layer 输出层则负责训练的最终预测值,通常与目标结构相结合计算损失函数 计算框架 前向传播 前向传播的核心思路主要包括两层,先对前一层的激活值进行线性组合再加上偏移值,再通过对前一步所得到的结果施加激活函数... Read More
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2024-06-12-Loss Function TOP NEW
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2024-06-12-Logistic Regression TOP NEW
背景 Binary Classification Logistic regression(逻辑回归) 通常用于处理二分类问题 (binray classification), 在二分类问题中,模型的任务为根据训练数据集给输入的数据集以 0 或 1(或正或负) 等二元标签来分类。 数据处理 将原始的数据转化为可被当前模型容易处理的格式,同时包括向量化 (Vectorization) 与归一化 (Normalization),前者便于进行并行计算提高计算效率,后者则有利于平衡不同特征对最终权和的影响并通过控制特征值的范围保持数值的稳定性。 以图像处理为例 将一张由 $a * a$ 个像素点的图片利用每个像素的 RGB 值输出一个特征向量 $v$,其中 $v \in \math... Read More
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2024-05-27-World Quant Brain TOP NEW
World Quant平台学习 Alpha 概念: Alpha即为一个用来预测当下金融市场的数学表达式,可以与之前所学的technical analysis相结合,构造相应的公式从市场交易中获利。 Websim相关术语: Universe: 当下alpha基于的数据集与回测集 Pnl: daily_pnl = sum of (position * daily_return) Information Ratio: 强调当下模型的预测能力 $IR = \frac{mean(Daliy_{pnl})}{std(Daily_{pnl})}$ $Sharpe = \sqrt{252}*IR$ Turnover: 换手率,体现交易的频次 Drawdown: 刻画最大可能损失,体现... Read More
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2024-05-27-Use of Pointers TOP NEW
Strings String Literals: data type: const char * declare a string: const char * str = "Hello World\n"; str is a pointer, pointing to an array of characters, so the elements in the string will be stored in consecutive memory locations. print a literal string:printf ("%s\n", str); ***Notice: 1 const: indicates that we can’t modify the char... Read More
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2024-05-27-Testing and Debugging TOP NEW
Test Idea: Testing is to find bugs in the code -> The corner cases should be good testing examples Black Box Testing: The tester considers only the expected behavior of the function—not any implementation details—to devise test cases Advantages: One advantage is that if you have a comprehensive test-suite written before y... Read More
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2024-05-27-Technical Analysis TOP NEW
General picture 技术分析: Based on the past market data including prices and volumes to analyze or predict the direction of prices. Technical indicators(技术指标) Trend indicator Simple Moving Average(SMA): principle: calculate the average history data and can adjust the duration of history to determine the trend duration tradi... Read More
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2024-05-27-Recursion TOP NEW
An alternative to iteration Definition: Recursive functions are those functions that call themselves, which can be an alternative to iteration. Idea: Discover the similar structure to solve a problem, and find the correlation between current item with previous items Theory: The principles of recursion can be compared with mathematical ... Read More
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2024-05-27-Portfolio Theory TOP NEW
Types of risks Specific risks: associated with a specific asset Systematic risks: common to all securities Diversification and Portofolio theory Argument: The theroy assumes that the risk-return profile of a portfoliocan be optimized, where an optimal portfolio displays the lowest possible level of risk for its level of return. ... Read More
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2024-05-27-Portfolio Optimization TOP NEW
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2024-05-27-Pointers TOP NEW
Pointers Basic Concepts: Concept: Pointers are way of referring to the memory location of a variable.(A variable type) Geometry understanding: Arrow ->(Points to somewhere) Hardware implementation: Pointer memory location stores the location of the variable it points Basic Operations: Declaring a Po... Read More
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2024-05-27-Pairs trading TOP NEW
Basic ideas: Statistical strategy -> try to build correlations between different stocks Example When a well established price correlation between A and B broke down, i.e. stock A traded up while B traded down, they would sell A and buy B, betting that the spread would eventually converge. Advantages: Market Neutrality Mark... Read More
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2024-05-27-Overloading and References TOP NEW
Dynamic Allocation in C++ Dynamic Allocation in C Use new to create new instances prototype of new new <classname> (args,...) new will return a pointer to a constructed class instance Use () to include arguments passed to constructors, omitted if there are no arguments On failure new throws an exception, which terminates the program... Read More
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2024-05-27-More on C++ TOP NEW
The difference between C and C++ Compile in C but not in C++ References and Pointers [[ Overloading and References#Reference ]] Dynamic allocation [[ Overloading and References#Dynamic Allocation in C++ ]] Basic I/O in C++ Basic Library in C++ iostream: iostream stands for standard input-output stream. This header file con... Read More
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2024-05-27-MIT missing semester TOP NEW
Lecture1 Shell 1.common command: date echo: 1.usage: prints out the argument you given and space can separate different arguments 2.echo $PATH:present all paths executable which echo: find out which file is executed path related cd: change to another path pwd: see the current path “..” refers to parent directory “.” refers to current di... Read More
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2024-05-27-Interacting with user and systems TOP NEW
Introduction to operating systems Background Since many operations has to be accomplished with the assistance of hardware, but for most programs they can’t directly have access to hardware for safety. In this case, they will take operating system(a lower level software responsible for managing all of the resources on the system) as med... Read More
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2024-05-27-Hierachies C to C++ TOP NEW
Hierarchies of structures Motivation Basic concept We want to organize and structure massive inter-relatd data -> Apply type hierarchy which is a way to organize and structure a hierarchical tree. [!Note] Type Hierarchy Each node in the tree represents a class and the edges represent the inheritance relationships between these classes... Read More
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2024-05-27-Fundamental Analysis TOP NEW
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Analysis of the sample TOP NEW
Analysis of the sample Judgement Deontic, Non-normative, Evaluative deontic obligatory 义务性的,强制的(常用 should, must, ought),做直接的判断(right, wrong),duty, unjust,祈使句 eg. People have the right to watch the movies they want evaluative(评价性) 做道德判断与评价(good, neutral, bad),better than, worse than, 通常判断的程度是可分级的 eg. Most people are honest and kind, life... Read More
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伦理学 TOP NEW
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2024-05-27-Dynamic Allocation in C TOP NEW
Motivation Since the stack frame will be tear down after a function call, we can apply dynamic allocation to allocate memory to store some data created during a function call. Or sometimes we need to dynamic reszing our data memory location to fit the need need. Storage location: heap The standard C library including dynamic allocation ... Read More
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2024-05-27-Containers and Iterators TOP NEW
Containers Concept Container is a data structure containing other data structures with specific access capabilities. Example: linked lists, heaps, dynamically-sized array Optimization of a list structure Method 1: Create a list element structure with a data pointer(void*) Pros: Write the list code once Cons: Requires more memory ac... Read More
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2024-05-27-Compile and Running TOP NEW
Compile Overview: Translate the programming language into a machine-executable format. The complier will take your source code as input and writes out the executable file. Compilation Process: Apply man for manual page to see the basic information, and you can apply man man to see the details of manual command Notice: man -k for keyword ... Read More
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2024-05-27-Arrays and Struct TOP NEW
Array Motivation Deal with multiple variables with similar properties and structures, it can help us eliminate the tedious work Definition: An array is a sequence of items of the same type Array Declaration and Initialization int myArray[4] int myArray = {1,2,3,4} Declaration: The array declaration should include the data type of ... Read More
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Access Control & Constructors,Destructors TOP NEW
Access Control Difference between access control and scope [!Important] Difference Scope: Scope means visibility, which considers the ability whether the complier can recognize a variable/structure/function. Access Control Access control is the ability that whether a code can access(modify) a variable/structure/… ... Read More